Philosophy Dissertations - Life Death Immortality - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4203 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Abstract In this paper I discuss whether immortality in the physical form is desirable. In accordance with the deprivation account I seek to defend the commonsense view that death is a bad thing for the individual but will argue that consistency and logic does not require me to believe that an immortal existence is to be desired. I defend Bernard Williams claim that with an immortal life we are doomed to an eternity of never ending repetition, boredom and indifference and that death is a necessary evil if we are to avoid a life devoid of freshness. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Philosophy Dissertations Life Death Immortality" essay for you Create order I will also argue that death and the very limitation that its sets down gives life meaning. In support of Victor Fankl I will defend the claim that it is time pressure that shapes our lives. In developing my argument I will oppose the counter argument that it is death that makes life meaningless not meaningful. Is Immortality desirable? Is it simply a design fault that we age and die? Are we living in a culture of death whereby we die simply because we accept it as an inevitability? All men are mortal said Socrates, however, a lifetime spent on in-depth research has led pioneering scientists to deem aging not as an inevitable consequence of the human condition but as a preventative disease. Perhaps these scientists are far too optimistic in their search for a virtual fountain of youth, or is it simply the case that death the end of the physical being, is accepted by the mind and embraced through reinforced teachings and observation. Whether you believe that a quest for immortality will or will never be achieved is irrelevant to the question at hand. The focus will be on whether immortality is desirable, assuming something can be desired yet impossible. Clarification of what I mean by immortality is essential; I will focus on what can be described as physical immortality- by this I mean that one can live for eternit y as a human physical being on earth (where everyone is immortal). In my interpretation, I will also assume that there is no get out clause, take for example one is offered an elixir of immortal life, once taken a person cannot change their mind opting for death- immortality is forever. My definition will also incorporate a block on aging; eternity will be lived through a perfectly healthy functioning body. Accidents will be possible but can be fixed with ease. Intentionally, I have painted a picture of immortality which may at first glance seem desirable, as one may be quick to argue that an immortal life where a person is forever aging to the point of an eternity of pain and discomfort and where accidents occurred and could not be fixed is simply not one to be desired. However, throughout this essay I will put forward the argument that those who believe immortality to be desirable have made an irrational choice, it would be a mistake to crave an immortal life and take the elixir of eternal existence. I will approach this issue by initially examining Nagels (1970) question of whether it is a terrible thing to go out of existence, I will agree and defend the deprivation account of the evil and badness of death claiming it is possible to do so while maintaining immor tality would be a bad thing. The idea that boredom will develop if there was no end to human life will be explored, assessing much of the support from Bernard Williams (1973) as well as opposing and tackling one of John Martin Fischers (1994) criticisms of the above view. The second argument that I will present (which overlaps with my first) will be based on the meaning of life, I will argue that death and the very limitations that it sets down gives life meaning and this will be explored by assessing the views of Victor Frankl (1957) as well as counterarguments by Robert Nozicks (1981). Firstly, to determine whether immortality is a good thing, I pose the question of whether death is a bad thing. Death is an ambiguous term so let me be clear of the definition it will take in my essay. I will take death to mean the end of the physical being, the cessation of life. I am aware that defining death in this way is problematic but let us assume for the sake of simplicity that this is correct. My concern at this point is whether death is a bad thing for the person who dies, referring to the state of non existence (at least in the physical form), not the process of dying. For many, a rational response in life is to fear death- after all, it is our most personal and valuable asset, but is it really, as Nagel stated, a terrible thing to go out of existence? There has been extensive philosophical discussion and disagreement regarding this matter, with philosophers such as Bernard Williams (1973), who argue death has its rightful place; a point to which I will later return, and there are those such as Thomas Nagel (1970) who speak of its badness. Lucretius, however, argue that something can only be good or bad for a person if that person exists at the time the event takes place and is experienced, if we take death to mean non-existence where non-existence is nothingness then death cannot be said to be good or bad as only something can be interpreted in this way. I, however, believe that death is bad, agreeing with Nagel in most parts but at the same time believe that immortality, never dying is also bad, this is not a contradiction. I disagree with the Lucretius argument for the very same reason Nagel rejected their reasoning, Nagel presents an example of an individual betrayed unknowingly behind his back, although the person never becomes aware of this, it seems fair to say that the betrayal was a bad thing for the person involved, in this way the Lucretius connection between badness and experience does not hold true (Nagel, 1970:76). It may be the case that something can be intrinsically bad, bad in itself or in its own right, for example, pain is avoided for its own sake. It may also be the case that something can be comparatively bad, bad by virtue of what youre not getting while this other thing is present. I take the latter point to be the case for the badness of death. It seems to me that something can be bad even if you dont exist, e xistence is not a requirement, in fact it is the very fact that you dont exist that makes death bad. The central bad about death, about non existence, is that it deprives you of the goods of life you might otherwise be getting, I couldnt fall in love, enjoy a sunset or master philosophy.From this, it should follow that life is good because if I wasnt dead I wouldnt be deprived; more of a good thing is always better than less of a good thing; therefore more life is better than less life; it should follow therefore that eternal life never dying is exceptionally good. However, the rules of logic and reason do not require somebody who accepts the deprivation account to believe that immortality is to be desired. Looking closely at the deprivation account, what it claims is that death is bad insofar as it deprives us of the good things we could have otherwise experienced, but we shouldnt assume that life is good or always good (maybe Nagel does or often seems to assume this) what if it turned out that what you would have hereafter would be in fact a life full of bad things. It would there fore be a bad thing that you would go through the rest of your life which in this case would be an eternity with negative experiences. I will now go on to explain that it is an inevitability that an eternal life will somewhere down the line cease to be good, transforming into an eternity of badness in which case still in accordance with the deprivation account death will no longer be bad. I agree that at first thought immortality may be tempting the argument that life is too short will no longer exist. Think of all the things you could get done, you could devout years to writing great philosophy, you could take pleasure in countless sunsets and sunrises, you could enjoy things endlessly having more time to see and achieve things that you would have otherwise not had time to. Here is my argument, too much of a good thing can become a bad thing, medicine for example is something which is instrumentally good, however, although it is good in small doses in that it cures a disease for example if I take more than the prescribed amount it becomes harmful to my body. In this same way extending human life by 50 or even a 100 years can be good but what if someone added a thousand, a million, an eternity to your life? Having done and seen everything you could possible have imagined everything will start to feel the same, having experienced love and the sunset millions of times t hey would no longer excite you. Eternity is a very long time, forever goes on forever and boredom will eventually set in leaving you existing as oppose to living. It seems that I am in agreement with Bernard Williams, in his essay The Makropulos Case:Reflections on the Tedium of Immortality (1973) who also argues that an eternal existence would be intolerable, claiming that as human beings it is inevitable that by our very nature we will get bored we would be doomed to never ending repetition and boredom, life would simply be devoid of interest or freshness. He supports his view by discussing a play by Karel Capek which tells of a woman named Elina Makropulos, who at the age of 42 was given an elixir of eternal life by her father. The play is set 300 years on and Elina is now aged 342, Williams states that Her unending life has come to a state of boredom, indifference, and coldness. Everything is joyless: in the end it is the same, she says, singing and silence. She refuses to take the elixir again; she dies; and the formula is deliberately destroyed by a young woman among the protest of some older men (Williams,1973:82). EM has lived her life at the age of 42 for 300 years and it seems that everything that could happen to a woman of 42 has already happened to her. John Martin Fischer in an article titled Why immortality is not so bad criticizes Williams argument; Fischer asserts that if there was a sufficiently diverse package of experiences we would not get bored (Fischer 1994). He acknowledges that there are those pleasures that would be self exhausting, those which we would not want to repeat more than once or a few times as we would inevitably get bored. His examples of these self exhausting pleasures include pleasures that are disappointing which one would not want to repeat for that very reason and those non-disappointing pleasures which you do to fulfil a goal to prove something to yourself, for example, to overcome your phobia of heights you climb Mount Whitney but this is an experience you do not want to repeat. He acknowledges that there are those pleasures that are self exhausting but ther e are many repeatable pleasures that we would never get bored of like listening to beautiful music or seeing great art and we would therefore never fall victim to Williams boredom account. I disagree with Fischer, firstly it seems to me his examples of self exhausting pleasures present a distorted view of what pleasure really is. I agree that disappointing pleasures may appear to be pleasurable before the act but after we experience the disappointment they cease to fall into this category. It appears that these disappointing pleasures are not pleasures at all and should not fall into the category of self exhausting pleasures. It is a similar case for his example of non disappointing self exhausting pleasures like climbing a mountain to overcome a phobia, climbing this mountain is not done for sheer pleasure, we may experience pride and we may experience some pleasure from this pride but the very act is done reluctantly and is not pleasurable within itself. To claim that he partly agrees with Williams that there are those pleasure that are self exhausting is somewhat misleading what he presents in the above case are not pleasures at all. What Williams said, is to think of the most perfect immortality that you can imagine and imagine doing this forever, the above so called pleasures do not fall into this; it seems obvious they would not want to be repeated. Fischer also goes on to explain a second category of pleasures which he called repeatable pleasures which include listening to music and enjoying art, Fischer believed that if these pleasures were appropriately distributed (not too closely to each other ) they could be repeated countless times. I disagree; although in this case they could be classed as pleasure, it seems we would still inevitably get bored maybe not after 100 or even two hundred years but somewhere down the line of a never ending life we would get bored. I can only enjoy a piece of music a limited number of times before it no longer brings me pleasure. However at this point an objection may arise; some may argue that human potential is endless reducing the likelihood of boredom. There are millions of songs to be heard and millions more that will emerge, there is a countless number of things that can be enjoyed that will never run out so you are not doomed to be repeating the same things over and over, and maybe when things start to get tedious new things will be invented to occupy our minds. The response to this is that having heard a thousand, a million, two million, songs they will all eventually take the same shape, nothing new can be invented that would be so drastically different from all previous inventions. Another point to be made is that Elina Makropulos maintains the same character throughout her life changing only to adapt to her surroundings it could therefore be suggested that the boredom she experienced was a result of her unchanging character not the fact that she lived for such a long period of time. Williams addresses this throughout his article, he argues that as human beings we aim to be, and usually succeed, in becoming a certain type of person, we develop a certain set of interests, a certain way of acting and we become settled as that type of person. His thought is that those who can avoid boredom and continue to find things interesting are not sufficiently mature there seems to be something wrong with them as such immortality is not a life for a h uman being (Williams 1973) . Let us now introduce a way boredom can be avoided in accordance with his argument, a possibility Williams considers is rejuvenation; by this he means you remain a human being in that you maintain the same body but every so often you are rejuvenated, a certain part of your history disappears and is replaced by a new start. Although this seems to deal with the boredom issue Williams does questions whether this is in fact you? Every time I am rejuvenated I have no recollection of my prior self and build a whole new character based on different memories and experiences. It seems wrong to say that I am the same person after being rejuvenated for the hundredth time as I was prior to my first rejuvenation (Williams,1973:92). Even if we are persuaded that you are the same person Williams would argue that it is not giving you anything that you could be interested in, the absence of a continuity of consciousness is a serious problem. Even if it is not death it is as bad as death to be rejuvenated in this way. Another possibility to consider is the gradual deterioration of memory where we forget things as time goes on for example every 200 years. However I believe this raises the same question as above are we really the same person if we live in a 200 year envelope? Williams concludes that death is a necessary e vil; we should hope to die if we are to avoid the alternative of immortality. My second argument to why immortality is not desirable is based on the meaning of life. I believe that death and the very limitations that it sets down gives life meaning. My second argument overlaps with my first but what I wish to specifically argue here is that it is the very fact that we are here for what is comparatively a short time that makes our lives meaningful, in the way we act and behave, this is the idea that it is time pressure that shapes our lives. It is irrelevant whether one believes or does not believe in god or any form of creator or greater being, they will still find life meaningless without death, even if you merely carry on living out of the fear of dying. I believe that all good things have to have a beginning, middle and an end and each is necessary and is enjoyed accordingly. Victor Frankl argues that death itself is what makes life meaningful, his reasoning is as follows: What would our lives be like if they were not finite in time, but infinite? If we were immortal, we would legitimately postpone every action forever. It would be of no consequence whether or not we did a thing now; every act might just as well be done tomorrow or the day after or a year from now or ten years hence. But in the face of death as absolute finis to our future boundary to our possibilities, we are under the imperative of utilizing our lifetimes to utmost, not letting the singular opportunities- whose finite sum constitutes the whole of life-pass by unused (Frankl,1957:73). Nozick , however, has a problem with this argument, in his book Philosophical explanation he wonders whether death in fact makes life meaningless not meaningful, he argues that Frankl assumes our only desire is to have done certain things, to put certain things somewhere on our record.However, we may desire to do things; our desire need not be merely to have done them. Moreover, if we had an infinite life, we might view it as a whole, as something to organize, shape and do something with (Nozick,1981:579-580) I disagree, firstly it was not assumed by Frankl that we merely do things to put them on record, what was being said is that we have a limited amount of time to do things but we do not merely do them just to tick a box but to grow and evolve as human beings because pursuing our goals enriches our lives. It is the very fact that we have a finite time that motivates us to make those decisions and do those things that enhance our lives, which would only be forever delayed with an infinite existence. For example why should I go to school if I dont like it? The simple answer is to learn to acquire skills that would help me to achieve and make something of my self before I die and cease to exist. If I was immortal, learning trigonometry would seem less attractive than watching TV or playing computer games all day. I get more pleasure from such things (in the short term at least) and watching TV is certainly easier than studying and Ill get round to learning trigonometry sometime.Time press ure is what makes us set goals, with an immortal life tasks would forever be extended and a consequence would emerge whereby we would be less likely to do things of value, we would become a stagnant society where simple pleasures rule. Even if we are partly motivated by the desire to do things not only to have done things they would still be postponed and contrary to what Nozick claims this would matter as the desire alone to do things does not make ones life meaningful it may contribute to some poor will to carry on living (to do that specific thing) but will not give satisfaction to ones life. Nozick also questions whether death in fact makes life meaningless? Many argue that death renders life futile because we will all eventually die and so there is no point in developing character or studying calculus if our progress is ultimately going to be permanently interrupted and it will all go to waste. It seems to me that to argue that death makes life meaningless is to argue that something can only be meaningful if it lasts forever. The truth is that many things we value and find worthwhile do not last forever. I affirm that most if not all actions other than pleasures within themselves are predominantly motivated by the desire to get things done and enrich our lives from them before we die. Death is a deadline, a necessary evil; we know every day that passes we will never get back and this gives meaning and shapes how we live and thus an immortal life is not one to be desired. So far a strong argument has been provided for the undesirability of an immortal life but is there any situation in which immortality can be desired? In setting out what I meant by immortality I disallowed a get out clause, let us now suppose you would be able to live as long as you wanted and when you eventually had enough it would be possible to take your own life, is the elixir of eternal existence now more attractive? Surely it is, however, this is not all together straight forward. Take for example a mortal who chooses to commit suicide, in taking their own life he/she is giving up for example another 30 years, however, in the case of an immortal he/she is giving up what is essentially an eternity. They may be unhappy now but they could not possibly know that this would be the case in a million or a billion years time, choosing to take an immortal life is of greater consequence. In allowing a get out clause we would also become a very unadventurous and risk- averse society, who would take the risk of bungee jumping, paragliding and so forth if what they are risking is an infinite lifespan? Although this may seem a more attractive model of immortality it is complicated and can it really be called immortality if we allow this get out clause? It seems to me the very fact that we would choose this model supports my argument, that immortality would cease to be good and we would all sooner or later opt to take our own lives. In conclusion immortality in the physical human sense is never a good thing. It should not be desired; whatever perfect life you imagine to want to experience forever it will soon become tedious and boredom will eventually set in. Death is therefore necessary, even in accordance with the deprivation account, as further existence would become a bad thing sooner or later and it will no longer be the case whereby death deprives you of the good things life has to offer but where death provides an end to all that is bad with an eternal existence. It is also the inevitability of death that gives life reason and shape, the very fact that we have a limited lifespan motivates people through a sense of urgency to spend their time doing those things that contribute meaning and enrich their lives which would forever be delayed with inevitable consequences with an immortal life. Without death there would be no such thing as sacrifice, putting a lifes work into something, heroism and courage, we w ould lack appreciation for our existence, life would not be as serious or meaningful. I believe there to be an artistic necessity about dying- in the same way a picture has a frame, one cannot imagine an infinite painting, or a play has a shape and a final curtain, one cant imagine a play going on forever. Why grope for some mysterious realm for which we are not properly equipped to function in? Although I have argued that immortality is bad, this is not to say that it is a good thing that we die when we do, in accordance with all above arguments one can still think that we die too soon. Bibliography Fischer, M. (1994). Why Immortality is Not So Bad. International Journal of Philosophical Studies. 2, 257-270. Frankl, V (1957). The Doctor and the Soul. Alfred Knopf. New York Nagel, T (1970). Death. Nous. 4, 73-80 Nozick, R (1981). Philosophical Explanations. Oxford.Clarendon Press Williams, B (1973). Problems of the Self: Philosophical Papers 1956-1972. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Review Of The Oresteia - 1147 Words

Hoque, Zohirul Oresteia At the point when a person is blamed for a crime they are either discovered guilty or innocent. This is the fundamental thought of justice and it is the thing that people feel needs to happen on the off chance that somebody has done something dubious. In the play The Oresteia by Aeschylus, the tale of Clytemnestra guilt or innocents is addressed. She does numerous things that individuals are not very content with and those disputable activities all through the story; basically in the primary part Agamemnon gets her into an inconvenience. As we investigate the body of evidence that works against her innocents by investigating the killings of Agamemnon and Cassandra and the proud expression about the killings. This activity causes a lot of fierceness in Clytemnestra. One could exceptionally surely know why she would act along these lines. Clytemnestra see s the slaughtering of her little girl as simply being murdered for her spouse s gain. She additionally feels that he could have picked an alternate virgin to give up. One the other hands, if one takes a gander at Agamemnon’s issue they could think something else. Agamemnon was the general of his armed force and the pioneer that his men gazed upward to. So when the benefit came to him saying I will give you wind for a virgin sacrifice he took it as relinquishing somebody close to him. So Agamemnon picks his girl the virgin and yielded her with decision-making ability for what was best for the armedShow MoreRelatedGreek Mythology1294 Words   |  6 Pagesof the critical skills students will develop in the course include analytical skills in interpreting primary texts, participating in discussion and debate in tutorials, developing a rguments, and writing essays. Required Texts: 1) Aeschylus, Oresteia, trans. C. Collard (Oxford World s Classics) 2) Euripides, Bacchae, trans. Paul Woodruff (Hackett) 3) Hesiod, Works and Days and Theogony, trans. Stanley Lombardo (Hackett) 4) Homer, The Iliad, trans. Robert Fitzgerald (New York: Farrar, StrausRead MoreHesiod s View Of The Gods3056 Words   |  13 Pageswills earned the approval of his contemporaries. In order to force the Athenians to learn crafts, Solon passed a law by which the son, not taught any craft from his father, was not obliged to feed him in his old age. Aeschylus’ Agamemnon from The Oresteia trilogy 1. What are the reasons for Agamemnon’s murder? Clytemnestra’s was the daughter of the Spartan king Tyndareus and his wife Leda. Her first husband was Tantalus, king of Pisa. Mycenaean king Agamemnon went to war on Tantalus, killed him andRead MoreEssay British Poetry4052 Words   |  17 PagesSociety during the early seventies was a classic example of the new overwriting the old. The Poetry Review, the UKs longest-lived poetry journal (founded 1908) and an unstinting supporter of established values was taken over by Eric Mottram (1924-1995), a fervent supporter of expanded consciousness and alternative verse. In the eastern counties, loosely centred around the magazine Grosseteste Review, a group of poets, most of them attached to university English departments and enamoured of AmericanRead Moretheme of alienation n no where man by kamala markandeya23279 Words   |  94 PagesWorks of Sophocles Sophocles’ plays were not like those of either Aeschylus or Euripides. His tragedies did not deal with abstract problems of guilt and punishment stretching over generations, like those of Aeschylus (namely his famous trilogy, Oresteia). Sophocles preferred to depict the specific struggles of resolute individuals against the unyielding forces of fate. He did not favor the writing of a whole trilogy to cover one subject but wrote only single plays, such as Antigone or Ajax. However

The Gains of Hosting International Sports Events Free Essays

The World Cup is truly one of the biggest sporting events in the world. Host countries invest huge amounts of resources to organize and build infrastructures. Such countries surely are expecting gains in return for the huge investments they made. We will write a custom essay sample on The Gains of Hosting International Sports Events or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, past experiences show that the chance of receiving economic benefits from hosting either the World Cup or the Olympics is surprisingly little (Maennig Plessis, 2007). Despite this fact countries still want to host international sports events.This is because in assessing the profitability of hosting such events it is important to include both tangible and intangible benefits. This paper takes a look at such intangible benefits to analyze a fuller extent of the gains of hosting such international sports events, taking the World Cup as an example. There are other benefits from a World Cup, besides the economical, which are recognized as positive contributions to the hosting country, they might be more intangible but nonetheless still important.The â€Å"feel good† effect of citizens experiencing domestic growth, stadiums being build, new jobs, foreign recognition etc. represents a certain social profitability of the project. This is something that should definitely not be neglected. These externalities may not only prove to be very important to the citizens of the host country, but also add to the competitiveness and development of certain sectors within the country. Intangible assets may in the long run prove to be just as important as tangible. It is difficult to assign these numerical value, but it is however indisputable whether they are of importance.Happiness is basically what the World Cup may ultimately add to. The experiences related to sports, and the public satisfaction of hosting an event that has the attention of the world, may add more in terms of prestige and individual satisfaction than anyone may realize when planning the project. Surveys made in previous host countries have asked local inhabitants, whether they feel that the World Cup has benefited them, and the results have been predominantly positive (Maennig Plessis, 2007). Another intangible gain is the branding effect that the World Cup has.Branding is something that is important for all countries in that reputation and international recognition of national abilities is something that is highly valued in export and international relations. The World Cup will also add positively in terms of tourism, which is likely to grow in sync with branding of a co untry. Tourism is something that can be quantified, and is a source of great income to many countries, and host countries can potentially gain substantially in from a well-handled World Cup. Empirical research has shown that hosting a major sporting event rarely produces the net economic benefits that a hosting country anticipates.However in deciding to host such international sports events, countries base their calculations not solely economic gains, but also by accounting for such intangible gains. A quote from The Economist sums up the message of this paper very well: Tourism gets a boost but only temporarily. Evidence from Sydney and Barcelona, hosts of successful recent Olympic games (and tourist spots long before that), suggest long-term tangible gains were negligible. But who cares? The World Cup is mostly about intangibles, such as prestige and fun. How to cite The Gains of Hosting International Sports Events, Papers

Chutiya Ram free essay sample

Tour Dutt was born on March 4, 1856 in Bengal and she died on August 30, 1877, in the prime of her youth, at 21. She is often called the Keats of the Indo-English literature for more than one reason her meteoric rise on and disappearance from the literary firmament, as also for the quality of her poetry. James Darmesteter pays a befitting tribute to her, The daughter of Bengal, so admirable and so strangely gifted, Hindu by race and tradition, and an English woman by education, a French woman at heart, a poet in English, prose writer in French, who at the age of 18 made India acquainted with the poets of French herself, who blended in herself three souls and three traditions, died at the age of 21 in the full bloom of her talent and on the eve of the awakening of her genius, presents in the history of literature a phenomenon without parallel. Literary Achievements Toru Dutt’s literary achievements lay more in her poetic works than in her prose writings. We will write a custom essay sample on Chutiya Ram or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her poetry is meagre, consisting of A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields and Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan. But she compels attention as KRS Iyengar puts it. Her poetry has sensitive descriptions, lyricism and vigour. Her only work to be published during her lifetime was A Sheaf, an unassuming volume in its overall get-up. The Examiner in its August 1876 issue published the review of her book. Edmund Gosse, the then reviewer expressed his surprise To find Miss Toru Dutt translating, in every case into the measure of the original, no less than 166 poems, some of them no less intricate in form than perplexing in matter. He calls it an amazing feat and a truly brilliant success. A review in the Friend of India says. †¦ the versification is generally good, and the translations, we believe, intelligent and faithful. In selecting poems for translation Toru focused attention on the Romantics of French literature, although she also included Chenier, Courier, Lamartine and a few others of the transition period as well as Brizeux, Moreau, Dupont and Valmore who were not Romantics. In France, the Romantic school was born towards the close of the 18th century and in the beginning of the19th, as in England. They asserted the free-play of imagination, simple and direct diction and freedom from any restrictions. The poems that she translated were probably those which could touch the cord of her imaginations and sentiments patriotism, loneliness, dejection, frustrations, illusions, exile and captivity. One remarkable thing about her translation is that she has been able to capture the spirit of the original. No wonder, then, that Edmund Gosse, in his review says, If modern French literature were entirely lost, it might not be found impossible to reconstruct a great number of poems from its Indian version. Not that she has blindly translated. In fact, she has changed words and phrases of the original and substituted them by more appropriate ones without any hesitation which make her work exact and yet free. The verses maintain the rhythm of the original. Though European by education and training, Toru was essentially an Indian at heart. From her childhood her mother had imbued in her love for the old legends from the Puranas, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Her readings of the old Sanskrit classics gave her first-hand knowledge of the charming stories. Her woman’s imagination wove myriad coloured picture and she embarked upon her work, Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan, which appeared in 1882, with Introductory notes by Sir Edmund Gosse. Critics have hailed Ancient Ballads as the best work in English. It shows her keen interest in the Indian translations. According to Lotika Basu, a literary critic, Ancient Ballads, for the first time reveals to the West the soul of India through the medium of English poetry. In fact, scholars are profuse in their praise of this work for its finely-knit verses full of vigour and variety. The stories included are of Savitri, Lakshman, Prahlad, Sindhu and others. Toru wrote two novels Bianca and Le Journal de Mademoiselle d’Arvers. The former, an incomplete romance, is in English and the latter in diary form, is the story of Marguerite and is in French. The manuscripts of these works were discovered after her death amid her papers. Both these works have simple plots which sustain the story element, the language is poetic and the characters are clearly drawn. Toru was proud of India’s cultural heritage, her flok-lores, myths and legends, and its rich classical literature. Though English by education, she was an Indian through and through. E. J. Thompson wrote about her, Toru Dutt remains one of the most astonishing woman that ever lived †¦. Fiery and unconquerable of soul. These poems are sufficient to place Toru Dutt in the small class of women who have written English verse that can stand.

Corporations Are Always Searching For Better Ways To Produce Goods And

Corporations are always searching for better ways to produce goods and services. When new technological developments give some organizations a competitive advantage, their rivals try to catch up by adopting and improving on the new technologies. Ford has put many of Toyota's technical advances to work in its own plants, and General Motors has spent over $50 billion in the last decade to modernize its production facilities to develop skills in flexible manufacturing. A large part of this growth is the Human Resources department of these companies, who are responsible for hiring the people with the knowledge to bring new technology into a company. To be successful in the automotive market, these companies needs a highly skilled, flexible and committed work force, a flexible and innovative management, the ability to retain developed talent, and a strong partnership between management and labor unions. To achieve these goals, the company needs a talented HR department. Besides hiring the right people to manage and perform specific jobs, HR managers have to build up commitment and loyalty among the workforce by keeping them up to date about company plans, and laying out the implications for job security and working conditions. Such was the case when I worked at Velco. From the interview process to my exit interview at the end of the summer, the HR department was every employee's main connection between the production floor and the upper management. The HR department kept us informed via bi-weekly meetings, a company newsletter, and bulletin-board postings throughout the plant. Whenever a question arose, instead of asking middle-management, an employee could go straight to the HR rep they were assigned to. From my experiences, it seemed like the HR reps knew everything there was to know about the company and how it is run. And I found that to be a very valuable asset. I imagine the same takes place at large corporations around the world, be it Velcro or General Motors. The backbone of any successful company is the HR department, and without a talented group of people to hire, culture, and inform employees, the company is doomed for failure.

Free Essays on Kids Need Gym Class

The benefits of physical activity on a child’s health are well documented. According to several studies, children engaged in physical education show superior motor fitness, academic performance, and attitude toward school when compared to those who do not participate in daily physical education. Children who are active and physically fit have fewer cardiovascular risk factors than less active children, they encounter lower rates of coronary heart disease, lower blood pressure, and lower body fat. Active adolescents also tend to feel less lonely, shy, and hopeless than do their physically inactive peers (Acalogic). In addition, one study which used physical activity as treatment for hyperactive behavior showed that an increase in exercise was an efficient means for reducing rates of aggression and hyperactivity: â€Å"It is well documented in both Exercise and Physiology literature that chemical changes occur in the brain after it is exposed to exercise†¦a regular aerobic intervention at 75% of maximum respiration would indeed be an increase over the child’s daily activity schedule. This change in physiological activity has the potential to change daily behavior. If children, who are exhibiting the early symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity can be exposed to a high incidence of frequent aerobics on a regular basis, then the affects of muscle exhaustion and increased body chemistry changes may combine to curb unwanted disruptive behavior† (Acalogic). In spite of all the positive results exercise provides, many schools, due to budget problems, are cutting back on physical educationmuch to the detriment of our children. More children are overweight or obese than ever before. The term â€Å"overweight† refers to a child that weighs more than is recommended for a given height; and when this excess weight is in the form of fat, health problems may develop. â€Å"Obesity† is an excess of body fat. Children are consid... Free Essays on Kids Need Gym Class Free Essays on Kids Need Gym Class The benefits of physical activity on a child’s health are well documented. According to several studies, children engaged in physical education show superior motor fitness, academic performance, and attitude toward school when compared to those who do not participate in daily physical education. Children who are active and physically fit have fewer cardiovascular risk factors than less active children, they encounter lower rates of coronary heart disease, lower blood pressure, and lower body fat. Active adolescents also tend to feel less lonely, shy, and hopeless than do their physically inactive peers (Acalogic). In addition, one study which used physical activity as treatment for hyperactive behavior showed that an increase in exercise was an efficient means for reducing rates of aggression and hyperactivity: â€Å"It is well documented in both Exercise and Physiology literature that chemical changes occur in the brain after it is exposed to exercise†¦a regular aerobic intervention at 75% of maximum respiration would indeed be an increase over the child’s daily activity schedule. This change in physiological activity has the potential to change daily behavior. If children, who are exhibiting the early symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity can be exposed to a high incidence of frequent aerobics on a regular basis, then the affects of muscle exhaustion and increased body chemistry changes may combine to curb unwanted disruptive behavior† (Acalogic). In spite of all the positive results exercise provides, many schools, due to budget problems, are cutting back on physical educationmuch to the detriment of our children. More children are overweight or obese than ever before. The term â€Å"overweight† refers to a child that weighs more than is recommended for a given height; and when this excess weight is in the form of fat, health problems may develop. â€Å"Obesity† is an excess of body fat. Children are consid...

Issues in International Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Issues in International Management - Essay Example Concerning this aspect, the framework incorporates two vital aspects i.e. global integration of the value chain activities and manufacturing of products along with processes in correspondence with the needs of the local market (Cieri & et. al., 2005). In accordance with the context of IHRM, certain prevalent issues can be apparently observed that entail cultural diversity, people management and employee relation among others (Taylor, 2007). Keeping up with these issues, this essay intends to discuss about the various structures being followed by the MNCs/MNEs in order to mitigate the global challenges associated with the applicability of the IHRM. The essay will further discuss upon the IHRM designs been adopted by MNCs and the benefits associated with the structure being framed. Apart from this, the essay will also discuss about various strategies that pursue by the MNEs for global development. According to Howard Perlmutter’s theory, three patterns of MNCs can be reflected. In this regard, ethnocentric orientation reflects about the management intentions in employing national employees rather than non-native employees. In this respect, the management has the perception that the internal employees are capable of handling operations along with the issues pertaining to the international level. One of the advantages of such orientation is that the valued position is being occupied by the talented nationals rather than the external employees. Apart from this advantage, one of the drawbacks associated with this model is that the MNEs get deprive of practicing diversified culture. Furthermore, the MNEs also get deprive of knowledge from the external source, thereby facing the challenge of international short sightedness. This might create hurdle in mitigating the required global demands (Perlmutter, 2010). One such MNC, which can be apparently observed to comply with ethn ocentric orientation in the form of practicing diversified culture, is Hong Kong

The decision to drop the atom bomb on Japan Term Paper

The decision to drop the atom bomb on Japan - Term Paper Example However, recent studiesi related to this issue have indicated conflicting and contrasting results involving exaggeration of the number of lives saved by such decision, and the unreal reason and factor of dropping the bomb on two cities of Japan. For such purpose, this paper will specifically attempt to identify and compare arguments of both sides of this decision that will enable the reader to acquire a more critical position on the issue. Analysis of the literatureii has specified that Japan was near to surrender its forces in front of the United States; however, it was essential for the US to abandon the Japanese emperor in that case, and such step was unacceptable for the President Truman and the US government. In addition, expertsiii have argued that dropping of the bomb on Japan was an indirect indication of power and supremacy of the US government in front of the Soviet Union, essential for the establishment of an influential and commanding position after the war. Works of historians and experts in recent years have indicated that abovementioned reason of the President Truman related to saving thousands of American soldiers was not real. In addition, another reason of the President that the decision forced Japan to surrender was false as well. It is now evident from various sourcesiv that the decision to drop the atom bomb on Japan was a US or more specifically, President Truman’s way of threatening Soviet Union on the stage of war, and reasons such as quick finish of the war, saving thousands of American soldiers were just tools of hiding the real factor. However, before going against this decision, it is essential to look at the arguments that justified the decision of dropping the bomb. In this regard, sources have indicated that Japan played a very significant role during the war and resisted obsessively and passionately with its limited resources, and the Japanese government was preparing every

Maritime Law in Relation to Time Charter Hire Essay

Maritime Law in Relation to Time Charter Hire - Essay Example This is followed by definition of maritime law and providing a brief explanation to help understand the concept at hand. After looking at maritime law, the context then analyzes the two statements, identifying the best statement that suites maritime law as far as Time Charter Hire is concerned. The statements are: â€Å"I have come to the conclusion that hire must be treated in the same way as freight, and that to do so is not an extension of the established exception. It is only in comparatively modern times that the word ‘hire’ has been used. It was formerly known as ‘time freight’ or ‘time-chartered freight’. Indeed, in marine insurance terminology, ‘freight’ still includes ‘hire’.†Ã‚  (The Satya Kamal [1975] 2 Lloyd's Rep 188, per Donaldson J.) â€Å"‘Freight' is payable for carrying a quantity of cargo from one place to another. 'Hire' is payable for the right to use a vessel for a specified period of time, irrespective of whether the charterer chooses to use it for carrying cargo or lays it up, out of use. Every time charter contains clauses which are quite inappropriate to a voyage charter, such as the off-hire clause and the withdrawal clause. So different are the two concepts that I do not think the law as to 'freight' can be applied indiscriminately to 'hire.' (Lord Denning MR in The Nanfri [1978] QB 927.) Relationship between Maritime Law and Time Charter Hire Maritime law is a body of laws, treaties and conventions that presides over international confidential business or other matters engrossing ships, shipping or offenses taking place on open water2. Laws between countries controlling things like national versus international waters are regarded as public international law and are well identified as the Law of the Seas. Through these waters is where the business of time charter hire occurs where an individual can hire a vessel and use to transport cargos from one specif ic port to another. Maritime law, which is also termed as admiralty law, is one of the most developed and oldest types of law. It covers all the laws that rules over contract, tort, ships, marine business, shipping, and employee recompense assertions that take place on the navigable waters of the world. The law is helpful in determining the amount of freight to be issued to the vessel owner when used by a voyage charterer. Subjects of maritime law can encompass towage, salvage, maritime liens, marinas, maritime contracts, and maritime damages. This means that both voyage charter and time charter are covered by these law thus, enhancing contracts made between charterers and owners. Despite the fact that the subjects under the umbrella of maritime laws are many, there are numerous of them that are pretty interesting. For instance, there are rules that preside over what takes place when an individual finds property that had lost. Under international rules, if possession is lost on the water and found by another individual, the finder can assert a salvage present for recovered possession. As a result, if a ship is destructed and loses cargo during an awful ocean storm, the retriever can ask the shipping company to disburse them money for any of the cargo they recover. Note that this takes place after the vessel owner and the charterer have settled the issue of freight or hire. Therefore, if the vessel gets involved in lose of possession, the owner is not involved at all. The case now remains between the charterer and the retriever. In most cases, the salvage

The multifaceted role of a manager

The multifaceted role of a manager The role of a manager in modern organization is a multi-faceted one-it involves many duties including planning and controlling budgets. However, it is argued that one of the most important and challenging roles of a modern manager is that of successfully managing PEOPLE. Tapping into peoples creativity, motivating them and providing support and appropriate leadership is vital to the success of the organisation Discuss this statement with a particular focus on exploring what skills are necessary to successfully mange people in todays workplace. The complex systems within which people perform their roles in called an organisation: which is also a coordinated group of people who perform tasks to produce goods and services, colloquially referred to as company (Muchinsky. P M, 2006). Organisational behaviour is thus a study of structure, functioning and performance of organisation, and the behaviour of groups and individuals within them (Pugh, 1971). Studying organisational behaviour is understanding how organisations work as a structure and assess what people accomplish, from the manager to the simple employee. In this present study, we are going to be interested in managers. What is a manager? A definition of a manager could be the one given by Bloisi W et al, who suggested that managers are people responsible for working with and through others to achieve objectives by influencing people and system in a changing environment ( 2003, 50) . This definition gives us a fair insight of what managers do but what are their roles in a modern organisation? Hence, in an attempt to analyse and understand what managers are to accomplish and how, we will subsequently analyse the multifaceted roles of a mangers through the different school of management approach, see why the greatest challenge for a modern manager is to successfully manage people and finally see other skills or competence required for a good manager. Before the issue of mangers role in an organisation is being addressed, it is highly crucial to understand how new organisations operate and what a real manager is. As depicted earlier, a manager can be portrayed as a person operating within the frame work of an organisation and driven by set objectives and through whom the process of effectively and efficiently combination of factors of production could lead to an optimization of output (profit à Ã¢â€š ¬). He/she endorses an economic rational behaviour, in relation with the objectives set by their company: which in a sense is maximising output for given inputs, [bearing in mind the constraints of cost]. Several Streams of thought and theories governing the managers role have emerged since the beginning the twentieth century from the classical perspectives, the human relation approach, the systems approach to the contingency theory. All of which highlighted the legal responsibilities of a manager which has mutated in parallel with the workforce evolution. The Classical perceptive defended by Frederick Taylor and his work on scientific management and Fayol later on with the administrative principles  [1]  of management, both focus on the idea that management can be learned and set in codes systematically. These ideas are mostly concerned with the structural perspectives of management: [focusing] on structuring and design of work and organisation (Gordon, J (1999, 14). For Taylor, a managers role has to be scientifically driven. He believed that managers have the responsibility to organise, plan and determine the best methods for performing jobs ,describing management as a science in which employees have specific and yet different responsibilities within their organisation. He is one of the first to talk about managerial and non-managerial roles and believed that scientific observation of people at work through survey and motions studies [] would be the one and only best way to do non-managerial task (Bloisi W, 2003, 6). Hence after the scientific observation made and the objective set, the manager has to behave in line with the scientific principals whilst recruiting, through the development of work, training and equal division of work between workers and management. However , despite setting a new way of viewing management in an organisation , the scientific approach of Taylor has been acutely criticised because in practice, the theory has said t o be too preoccupied with productivity (Bloisi W, 2003, 7) ,thus not really taking into account the employees welfare. Henri Fayol, a French industrialist for his part developed his own principals of management based of administrative aspect of managers role, in which he believed that businesses are divided into six subsystems and to run them successfully, managers have to exercise several duties which comprises; planning, organising, coordinating activities, commanding employees and controlling performance. For Fayol, managers plan by analysing the future and its outcomes through anticipation, goal setting, forecasting and decisive actions. They organise through the design of a framework/structure to assist the set goals. They coordinate by bringing together the activities taking place in the organisation. They command by directing the organisation on the path they want it to follow through leadership and motivation of employee Jack Duncan (1990,97 ) and finally they control by making sure that everything is undertook as planned and in occurrence keeping an eye on the budget. Fayol also added to his five management function his fourteen principles of management which calls for Specialization, unity of control unity of command and coordinating activities Gordon, J (1999, 16). Managers roles a quite diverse but yet, while the obligation of economic results is a necessity for managers nowadays effective managers are those who manage their employees. The structural perspectives of management through the classical theories of management held a quite limited view of people as employees. This is why the behavioural approaches were then suggested. In these approaches we have a shift where workers were no more viewed as passive and driven by economical self-interest (which was a rather mechanical point of view) to a more human-centred orientation where they to have their word to say in the organisational efficiency. These approaches set the structure that alimented the human relations school of thought where mainly Elton Bayo and Abraham Maslow believed that social attitude, relationship with employees and group work were the key for a successful organisation. In 1924, Elton Bayo undertook a research project to determine the relationship between physical working condition and productivity and came out with the Hawthorne effect that suggest that by simply paying attention to the experimental subjects causes their behaviour to change (Bloisi W et al , 2003, 7) and thus their productivity would increase. This approach is in reality very different from the classical approach because it inspires a variety of ideas that had no scientific justification. Hence manager should then be aware of the impact they could have if they pay more attention to their employees. Maslow for his part elaborated his theory of motivation where he defines human motivation as the study of ultimate human goals in his 1954 bo ok Motivation and personality (Bloisi W et al, 2003, 12). This suggests that if a manager motivates effectively his crew, this could lead undoubtedly to an increase of both welfare in the organisation and also output. From the human relations and classical approach came the system approach elaborated by Bernard and the contingency theory, who believed in the social and technical integration of human relations and classical for one and that other that they is no best streams of thought and they were all circumstantial. Moreover, Henry Mintzberg following his observation of the various streams of though believed that there is a disparity between managers role in the classical theories and the reality. He then came out with two contrasting view of managers: the rational heroic view and the chaotic realistic view. For him managers actually fill a series of ten roles that he point out in his book. The Managers job: Folklore and Fact. For him the rational heroic view implies that the manager know what he and his staff are doing, how and accept responsibility for the problems that can occur and evaluate his performance. The chaotic view implies the way todays managers flourish (Bloisi W et al, 2003, 53) preferring action over reflection. In his ten roles of managers Mintzberg says managers formal authority and status comprises interpersonal roles, information roles and decisional roles. For the interpersonal roles, managers have to stand as figureheads of the organisation, as the leaders and as the first liaison officers. For the information roles, they have to be the monitors, the disseminators and the spokesmen. For the decisional role, managers have to be the entrepreneurs, the disturbance handlers, the resource allocators and the negotiators. They must therefore be aware of environment in which they operate and understand how external factors could influence performance of internal subsystem (Bloisi W et al, 2003, 53) Aside from successfully managing the people in the organisation, effective managers are also those who embrace an ethical behaviour whilst working in an organisation, meaning that they have to be aware that legal requirements mandate certain ethical behaviours and have to ask themselves some questions like: What is morally just or right? And what is likely to benefit our own careers.(R.Gordon, 1999, 7). In conclusion, management is a very complex job because of the multifaceted role a manager has to encompass to successfully run a company. Being a manager means, knowing how to plan, to organize, to coordinate activities in the organization, to command the staff and finally to control performances. Aside from all these attributes given to a manager, a manager has also the responsibility to manage his employees effectively by motivating them, providing them support so they can achieve their individual needs, and give them appropriate leadership so they could identify themselves in the organization. Effective manager are also those who know about their biases and try to correct them if possible. After seeing what made a good manager,

Managing Global Expansion Essay -- Business Case Study

This paper examines some of the economic and legal factors that can affect a company as it transitions from a private to a publically owned company. This paper, consisting of four sections; describes, discusses, and analyzes the major concerns that the owners of XYZ Construction, Incorporated have on expansion and economics. Section one covers the macroeconomic factors that influence the operations of the company. Section two focuses on the microeconomic factors that XYZ Construction, Inc. should consider in the domestic and global markets. Section three dissects the legal considerations that are relative to equipment leases and electronic contracts. Finally, section four will examine the employment and labor considerations that XYZ Construction, Inc. must consider as the company grows both domestically and internationally. Section One - Operational Macroeconomic Factors Economics is a multifaceted topic, which is integrated into businesses in different ways, while this is a large topic it can be dissected into two categories macroeconomics and microeconomics (Executive, 2011). Executive (2011) defines macroeconomics as the study of the overall economy which covers topics such as inflation, employment rates, and economic expansion. Macroeconomics examines multiple factors, which can affect multiple markets simultaneously (Executive, 2011). For example, the business cycle is a dynamic topic that can affect multiple economies thus making it a huge macroeconomic topic of concern. Executive (2011) defines the business cycle as period of expansions and recessions in which the United States has experienced since the nineteenth century. An expansion period is defined as a time when the production and employment totals ... ...8180 Executive (2011). Executive concepts in business strategy. Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions. Ingram, D. (2011, September 07). The effects of minimum wage from a microeconomic perspective [Business and Workplace Regulations]. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/effects-minimum-wage-microeconomic-perspective- 4859.html Odhiambo, N. (2011). The role of interest rate reforms in Lesotho: An empirical investigation. Journal of Applied Business Research, 27(4), 69-77. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/docview/880069378/131A7212E104929119B /3?accountid=28180 Veatch, W. S. (2008). Software leasing revisited: Proposal for a UCC article 2A â€Å"software finance license†. The Journal of Equipment Lease Financing, 26(3), 1-14. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/214623771?accountid=28180